If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website.

如果你被网页过滤器挡住,请确保域名*.kastatic.org*.kasandbox.org 没有被阻止.

主要内容

复习内分泌腺激素知识

欢迎认识我们的内分泌系统.准备好学习我们身体中最重要的运作机制.作者-瑞恩·帕顿(Ryan Patton). . Ryan Scott Patton 创建

想加入讨论吗?

尚无帖子。
你会英语吗?单击此处查看更多可汗学院英文版的讨论.

视频字幕

have you ever thought about the way the different parts of our body communicate and I think we often consider the body to be this one complete thing this this self but really our body is composed of lots of parts there are lots of organ systems and each of those has organs and all of those organs are made of tissues and all of those tissues are made of cells and it's crazy but there are a hundred trillion or at least roughly a hundred trillion cells in our body so it's curious then how do those 100 trillion different parts communicate well one way is through the through the nervous system and through the prelate tracts of nerves but not every part of the body is connected by nerves I mean how for example would part of the brain go about communicating with part of the kidney well to talk about that we're gonna have to talk about the integrand system and the endocrine system is a system of organs that are called glands and these glands secrete little chemical messages that are called hormones and they release those little chemical messages called hormones into the bloodstream so that they can circulate from one part of the body to another part of the body in order to initiate an effect and there are there are many parts of the body that use these hormones to communicate but certain organs are really defined by this method of communication and we call them endocrine glands and so one of the major endocrine glands is the hypothalamus and the hypothalamus is located right here it's a member of the forebrain and as a member of the the brain it receives a lot of those signals that we talked about from the nervous system so those nerve signals are funneling into the brain and the hypothalamus then as a as a kind of dual member of the endocrine system funnels those signals into the pituitary gland and so because it plays that dual role between the the endocrine system and the nervous system it often gets tag line as the control center of the endocrine system in addition to stimulating the pituitary gland the hypothalamus actually makes some hormones itself also and so it makes ADH and oxytocin and ADH is antidiuretic hormone and it's a main regulator of our fluid volume in our body and then oxytocin is a hormone that stimulates the URIs to contract for females during pregnancy and so that's that that's the hypothalamus member of the brain and member of the endocrine system where it all begins the control center and then right below the hypothalamus is the pituitary gland and if the two eteri gland is located right here dangling right below and so the hypothalamus is about the size of a grape and the pituitary gland is actually about the size of a green pea but this little green pea is so important that it's called the master gland and it's called a master gland because the pituitary gland takes that stimulation from the hypothalamus and it directs it to all of the other endocrine glands or at least almost all of the other endocrine glands such that their function is ultimately dependent on the pituitary gland to work well and so that little green pea is a really important part of the endocrine system and so one of the endocrine glands that the pituitary directs is the thyroid gland and the thyroid gland is located right here in your neck it wraps around your trachea and your trachea is your windpipe and so you can feel this thyroid gland on your neck as you swallow if you hold your hands right around your Adam Apple and swallow that meaty thing moving up and down that's your thyroid gland and one of its main jobs is regulating your body's metabolism and it does that through the thyroid hormones t3 and t4 and another name for t3 is triiodothyronine and another name for tea forest thyroxine but the thyroid uses these hormones that thyroid hormones to stimulate the body's metabolism which is crucial because that's how our body gets energy and then right behind the thyroid gland are four spots known collectively as the parathyroid and the main role of the parathyroid is regulating our body's blood calcium level and the level of calcium in our blood is hugely important because calcium does a lot of stuff in our bodies it's involved in muscle contraction it's involved in bone growth and all of those functions are really sensitive to the level of calcium that's that's floating around in our blood and so the parathyroid glands there's four spots on the backside of our thyroid regulate calcium through the hormone parathyroid hormone or PTH and then moving down the the torso we have the adrenal glands and the adrenal glands are located right on top of the kidneys here and they're called the adrenal glands because they're adjacent to or right next to the kidney system which is called the the renal system and and medical speak but we really need to further divide the adrenal glands into two parts the outer part and the inner part so that outer part is the cortex and the inner part is the medulla and the reason for the distinction is that the inside and the outside of the adrenal glands have two different functions and so we'll start with the outside or the cortex and that's where the steroids the adrenal cortical steroids are made and two major examples of steroids made in the adrenal cortex are cortisol and aldosterone and cortisol is one of the body's stress hormones so it functions to increase blood sugar in times of stress so we have energy and it also has some anti-inflammatory functioning and then aldosterone is one of the major regulating hormones of our bodies blood volume and how much fluid is in our veins and arteries and so that's the cortex and then the medula makes a class of hormones called catecholamines and two major examples of catecholamines are epinephrine and norepinephrine and I'm going to shorten those as epi and nor epi and sometimes epinephrine is called adrenaline and that might be a little bit more familiar to you but these catecholamines are really involved in our body's fight or flight response that adrenaline response that we have to to a stressful or scary situation and so the medula and the cortex make up the adrenal glands but moving down the list and down the body we have the gonads and females those are the ovaries and in males the testes and the gonads release this sex hormones and so in males the testes produce testosterone and in females the ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone but these sex hormones are mainly involved in the development of our secondary sex characteristics like pubic hair and and larger frames and males and and breasts and women but they're also involved in progressing us through those life stages that accompany those sex characteristics like puberty and menopause and then last but not least we have the pancreas and it's located right here in the upper part of the abdomen and I saved the pancreas for last because it isn't involved as directly with the pituitary glands as the other endocrine hormones were but it still uses those hormones to stimulate an effect in a different part of the body and the effect that the pancreas stimulates is control over the blood sugar and it does that through the hormones insulin and glucagon and the pancreas is vitally important because without its hormones insulin and glucagon we can't regulate how much sugar is in the body's blood versus cells and that can lead to major diseases like diabetes and so with the pancreas we can conclude our list of major endocrine glands and so as we look at these glands and at these hormones and we think about all of the different effects that are being stimulated in our body by them it becomes pretty clear that there aren't just a few of these circulating in our bloodstream there are literally loads of hormones circulating through our vasculature at any given moment and so that guy that poses a potential problem if say that you're in the brain and you're trying to to tell something to the Kenny you're trying to send them a message and you put that in the bloodstream and you just float it down to them how do you know that it's gonna get there I mean isn't that what every other endocrine gland is trying to do well it turns out that hormones are a lot like radio waves in your city or in your town there are many different radio stations and there are many different songs being played at any given time by those radio stations and and even maybe from the next town over there are radio waves filling the air of your town but unless you're tuned in specifically to that station you're not going to pick up on the song that's being transmitted and in a very similar way a hormone is not going to be received unless there's a very specific receptor on the target cell and so the receptor in its location are very important in determining the hormone function and we have classes that we use to help us identify which hormones fall into which function and so the first class are autocrine hormones an autocrine hormones function at the cell that makes them an example of this is the T cell and the immune system it actually secretes a hormone that it makes called an interleukin that signals the cell itself to increase its effectiveness in its immune function and then another class of hormones are paracrine hormones and paracrine hormones function regionally and an example of that might be the hormones released by the hypothalamus that direct the pituitary gland and then last but not least kind of the classic class of hormones are the endocrine hormones and these are the hormones that function at a distance an example of this might be the pituitary gland stimulating the gonads way far away and so we have autocrine paracrine and endocrine classes that help us determine how hormone functions and so I know I just told you a whole lot about hormones but this is your introduction into one of the most important ways that the hundred trillion little tiny individual parts of your body communicate